Logical Problems MCQs : This section focuses on the "Logical Problems". These Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) should be practiced to improve the Logical Problems skills required for various interviews (campus interview, walk-in interview, company interview), placement, entrance exam and other competitive examinations.
Question 1
Tanya is older than Eric. Cliff is older than Tanya. Eric is older than Cliff. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 2
Blueberries cost more than strawberries. Blueberries cost less than raspberries. Raspberries cost more than strawberries and blueberries. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 3
All the trees in the park are flowering trees. Some of the trees in the park are dogwoods. All dogwoods in the park are flowering trees. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 4
Mara runs faster than Gail. Lily runs faster than Mara. Gail runs faster than Lily. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 5
Apartments in the Riverdale Manor cost less than apartments in The Gaslight Commons. Apartments in the Livingston Gate cost more than apartments in the The Gaslight Commons. Of the three apartment buildings, the Livingston Gate costs the most. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 6
The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Galleria. The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than the Galleria. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Four Corners Mall. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 7
All the tulips in Zoe's garden are white. All the pansies in Zoe's garden are yellow. All the flowers in Zoe's garden are either white or yellow If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 8
During the past year, Josh saw more movies than Stephen. Stephen saw fewer movies than Darren. Darren saw more movies than Josh. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 9
Rover weighs less than Fido. Rover weighs more than Boomer. Of the three dogs, Boomer weighs the least. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 10
All the offices on the 9th floor have wall-to-wall carpeting. No wall-to-wall carpeting is pink. None of the offices on the 9th floor has pink wall-to-wall carpeting. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 11
Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B. Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 12
A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. There are more lemons in the basket than there are oranges. The basket contains more apples than oranges. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 13
The Shop and Save Grocery is south of Greenwood Pharmacy. Rebecca's house is northeast of Greenwood Pharmacy. Rebecca's house is west of the Shop and Save Grocery. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 14
Joe is younger than Kathy. Mark was born after Joe. Kathy is older than Mark. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 15
On the day the Barton triplets are born, Jenna weighs more than Jason. Jason weighs less than Jasmine. Of the three babies, Jasmine weighs the most. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 16
The temperature on Monday was lower than on Tuesday. The temperature on Wednesday was lower than on Tuesday. The temperature on Monday was higher than on Wednesday If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 17
Oat cereal has more fiber than corn cereal but less fiber than bran cereal. Corn cereal has more fiber than rice cereal but less fiber than wheat cereal. Of the three kinds of cereal, rice cereal has the least amount of fiber. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 18
Martina is sitting in the desk behind Jerome. Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant. Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 19
Battery X lasts longer than Battery Y. Battery Y doesn't last as long as Battery Z. Battery Z lasts longer than Battery X. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 20
Spot is bigger than King and smaller than Sugar. Ralph is smaller than Sugar and bigger than Spot. King is bigger than Ralph. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 21
Middletown is north of Centerville. Centerville is east of Penfield. Penfield is northwest of Middletown. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 22
All spotted Gangles have long tails. Short-haired Gangles always have short tails. Long-tailed Gangles never have short hair. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 23
All Lamels are Signots with buttons. No yellow Signots have buttons. No Lamels are yellow. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 24
The hotel is two blocks east of the drugstore. The market is one block west of the hotel. The drugstore is west of the market. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 25
A toothpick is useful. Useful things are valuable. A toothpick is valuable. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 26
Tom puts on his socks before he puts on his shoes. He puts on his shirt before he puts on his jacket. Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on his shirt. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 27
Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler. Pencils are more expensive than rulers. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 28
Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus. Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car. Taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 29
Cloudy days tend to be more windy than sunny days. Foggy days tend to be less windy than cloudy days. Sunny days tend to be less windy than foggy days. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 30
At a parking lot, a sedan is parked to the right of a pickup and to the left of a sport utility vehicle. A minivan is parked to the left of the pickup. The minivan is parked between the pickup and the sedan. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 31
The bookstore has a better selection of postcards than the newsstand does. The selection of postcards at the drugstore is better than at the bookstore. The drugstore has a better selection of postcards than the bookstore or the newsstand. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 32
A jar of jelly beans contains more red beans than green. There are more yellow beans than red. The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beans than green ones. If the first two statements are true, the third statement is
A. true
B. false
C. uncertain
Question 33
Four defensive football players are chasing the opposing wide receiver, who has the ball. Calvin is directly behind the ball carrier. Jenkins and Burton are side by side behind Calvin. Zeller is behind Jenkins and Burton. Calvin tries for the tackle but misses and falls. Burton trips. Which defensive player tackles the receiver?
A. Burton
B. Zeller
C. Jenkins
D. Calvin
Question 34
A four-person crew from Classic Colors is painting Mr. Field's house. Michael is painting the front of the house. Ross is in the alley behind the house painting the back. Jed is painting the window frames on the north side, Shawn is on the south. If Michael switches places with Jed, and Jed then switches places with Shawn, where is Shawn?
A. in the alley behind the house
B. on the north side of the house
C. in front of the house
D. on the south side of the house
Question 35
In a four-day period Monday through Thursday each of the following temporary office workers worked only one day, each a different day. Ms. Johnson was scheduled to work on Monday, but she traded with Mr. Carter, who was originally scheduled to work on Wednesday. Ms. Falk traded with Mr. Kirk, who was originally scheduled to work on Thursday. After all the switching was done, who worked on Tuesday?
A. Mr. Carter
B. Ms. Falk
C. Ms. Johnson
D. Mr. Kirk
Question 36
Four people witnessed a mugging. Each gave a different description of the mugger. Which description is probably right?
A. He was average height, thin, and middle-aged
B. He was tall, thin, and middle-aged
C. He was tall, thin, and young
D. He was tall, of average weight, and middle-aged
Question 37
Ms. Forest likes to let her students choose who their partners will be; however, no pair of students may work together more than seven class periods in a row. Adam and Baxter have studied together seven class periods in a row. Carter and Dennis have worked together three class periods in a row. Carter does not want to work with Adam. Who should be assigned to work with Baxter?
A. Carter
B. Adam
C. Dennis
D. Forest
Question 38
At the baseball game, Henry was sitting in seat 253. Marla was sitting to the right of Henry in seat 254. In the seat to the left of Henry was George. Inez was sitting to the left of George. Which seat is Inez sitting in?
A. 251
B. 254
C. 255
D. 256
Question 39
As they prepare for the state championships, one gymnast must be moved from the Level 2 team to the Level 1 team. The coaches will move the gymnast who has won the biggest prize and who has the most experience. In the last competition, Roberta won a bronze medal and has competed seven times before. Jamie has won a silver medal and has competed fewer times than Roberta. Beth has won a higher medal than Jamie and has competed more times than Roberta. Michele has won a bronze medal, and it is her third time competing. Who will be moved to the Level 1 team?
A. Roberta
B. Beth
C. Michele
D. Jamie
Question 40
Four friends in the sixth grade were sharing a pizza. They decided that the oldest friend would get the extra piece. Randy is two months older than Greg, who is three months younger than Ned. Kent is one month older than Greg. Who should get the extra piece of pizza?
A. Randy
B. Greg
C. Ned
D. Kent
Question 41
The high school math department needs to appoint a new chairperson, which will be based on seniority. Ms. West has less seniority than Mr. Temple, but more than Ms. Brody. Mr. Rhodes has more seniority than Ms. West, but less than Mr. Temple. Mr. Temple doesn't want the job. Who will be the new math department chairperson?
A. Mr. Rhodes
B. Mr. Temple
C. Ms.West
D. Ms. Brody
Question 42
Danielle has been visiting friends in Ridge-wood for the past two weeks. She is leaving tomorrow morning and her flight is very early. Most of her friends live fairly close to the airport. Madison lives ten miles away. Frances lives five miles away, Samantha, seven miles. Alexis is farther away than Frances, but closer than Samantha. Approximately how far away from the airport is Alexis?
A. nine miles
B. seven miles
C. eight miles
D. six miles
Question 43
Nurse Kemp has worked more night shifts in a row than Nurse Rogers, who has worked five. Nurse Miller has worked fifteen night shifts in a row, more than Nurses Kemp and Rogers combined. Nurse Calvin has worked eight night shifts in a row, less than Nurse Kemp. How many night shifts in a row has Nurse Kemp worked?
A. eight
B. nine
C. ten
D. eleven
Question 44
Children are in pursuit of a dog whose leash has broken. James is directly behind the dog. Ruby is behind James. Rachel is behind Ruby. Max is ahead of the dog walking down the street in the opposite direction. As the children and dog pass, Max turns around and joins the pursuit. He runs in behind Ruby. James runs faster and is alongside the dog on the left. Ruby runs faster and is alongside the dog on the right. Which child is directly behind the dog?
A. James
B. Ruby
C. Rachel
D. Max
Question 45
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Tanya is older than Eric. II. Cliff is older than Tanya. III. Eric is older than Cliff.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 46
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Blueberries cost more than strawberries. II. Blueberries cost less than raspberries. III. Raspberries cost more than strawberries and blueberries.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 47
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. All the trees in the park are flowering trees. II. Some of the trees in the park are dogwoods. III. All dogwoods in the park are flowering trees.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 48
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Mara runs faster than Gail. II. Lily runs faster than Mara. III. Gail runs faster than Lily.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 49
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Apartments in the Riverdale Manor cost less than apartments in The Gaslight Commons. II. Apartments in the Livingston Gate cost more than apartments in the The Gaslight Commons. III. Of the three apartment buildings, the Livingston Gate costs the most.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 50
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Galleria. II. The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than the Galleria. III. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Four Corners Mall.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 51
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. All the tulips in Zoe's garden are white. II. All the pansies in Zoe's garden are yellow. III. All the flowers in Zoe's garden are either white or yellow.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 52
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. During the past year, Josh saw more movies than Stephen. II. Stephen saw fewer movies than Darren. III. Darren saw more movies than Josh.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 53
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Rover weighs less than Fido. II. Rover weighs more than Boomer. III. Of the three dogs, Boomer weighs the least.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 54
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. All the offices on the 9th floor have wall-to-wall carpeting. II. No wall-to-wall carpeting is pink. III. None of the offices on the 9th floor has pink wall-to-wall carpeting.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 55
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. II. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B. III. Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 56
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. II. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B. II. Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 57
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. II. There are more lemons in the basket than there are oranges. II. The basket contains more apples than oranges.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 58
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. The Shop and Save Grocery is south of Greenwood Pharmacy. II. Rebecca's house is northeast of Greenwood Pharmacy. III. Rebecca's house is west of the Shop and Save Grocery.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 59
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Joe is younger than Kathy. II. Mark was born after Joe. III. Kathy is older than Mark.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 60
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. On the day the Barton triplets are born, II. Jenna weighs more than Jason. III. Jason weighs less than Jasmine. Of the three babies, Jasmine weighs the most.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 61
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. The temperature on Monday was lower than on Tuesday. II. The temperature on Wednesday was lower than on Tuesday. III. The temperature on Monday was higher than on Wednesday
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 62
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Oat cereal has more fiber than corn cereal but less fiber than bran cereal. II. Corn cereal has more fiber than rice cereal but less fiber than wheat cereal. III. Of the three kinds of cereal, rice cereal has the least amount of fiber.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 63
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Martina is sitting in the desk behind Jerome. II. Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant. III. Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 64
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Battery X lasts longer than Battery Y. II. Battery Y doesn't last as long as Battery Z. III. Battery Z lasts longer than Battery X.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 65
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Spot is bigger than King and smaller than Sugar. II. Ralph is smaller than Sugar and bigger than Spot. III. King is bigger than Ralph.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 66
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Middletown is north of Centerville. II. Centerville is east of Penfield. III. Penfield is northwest of Middletown.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 67
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. All spotted Gangles have long tails. II. Short-haired Gangles always have short tails. III. Long-tailed Gangles never have short hair.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 68
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. All Lamels are Signots with buttons. II. No yellow Signots have buttons. III. No Lamels are yellow.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 69
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. The hotel is two blocks east of the drugstore. II. The market is one block west of the hotel. III.The drugstore is west of the market.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 70
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. A toothpick is useful. II. Useful things are valuable. III. A toothpick is valuable.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 71
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Tom puts on his socks before he puts on his shoes. II. He puts on his shirt before he puts on his jacket. III. Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on his shirt.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 72
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. II. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler. III. Pencils are more expensive than rulers.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 73
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus. II. Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car. III. Taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 74
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. Cloudy days tend to be more windy than sunny days. II. Foggy days tend to be less windy than cloudy days. III. Sunny days tend to be less windy than foggy days.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 75
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. At a parking lot, a sedan is parked to the right of a pickup and to the left of a sport utility vehicle. II. A minivan is parked to the left of the pickup. III. The minivan is parked between the pickup and the sedan.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 76
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. The bookstore has a better selection of postcards than the newsstand does. II. The selection of postcards at the drugstore is better than at the bookstore. III. The drugstore has a better selection of postcards than the bookstore or the newsstand.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 77
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is : I. A jar of jelly beans contains more red beans than green. II. There are more yellow beans than red. III. The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beans than green ones.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
C. uncertain
D. None of the above
Question 78
Fact 1: All dogs like to run. Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim. Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: All dogs who like to swim look like their masters. II: Dogs who like to swim also like to run. III: Dogs who like to run do not look like their masters.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 79
Fact 1: Jessica has four children Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes and two of the children have brown eyes. Fact 3: Half of the children are girls. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: At least one girl has blue eyes. II: Two of the children are boys. III: The boys have brown eyes.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 80
Fact 1: All drink mixes are beverages. Fact 2: All beverages are drinkable. Fact 3: Some beverages are red. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Some drink mixes are red. II: All beverages are drink mixes. III: All red drink mixes are drinkable.
A. I and II only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. III only
Question 81
Fact 1: All chickens are birds. Fact 2: Some chickens are hens. Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: All birds lay eggs. II: Some Hens are birds. III: Some chickens are not hens.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 82
Fact 1: All hats have brims. Fact 2: There are black hats and blue hats. Fact 3: Baseball caps are hats. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: All caps have brims. II: Some baseball caps are blue. III: Baseball caps have no brims.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 83
Fact 1: Eyeglass frames cost between $35 and $350. Fact 2: Some eyeglass frames are made of titanium. Fact 3: Some eyeglass frames are made of plastic. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Titanium eyeglass frames cost more than plastic frames. II: Expensive eyeglass frames last longer than cheap frames. III: Only a few eyeglass frames cost less than $35.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 84
Fact 1: Most stuffed toys are stuffed with beans. Fact 2: There are stuffed bears and stuffed tigers. Fact 3: Some chairs are stuffed with beans. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Only children's chairs are stuffed with beans. II: All stuffed tigers are stuffed with beans. III: Stuffed monkeys are not stuffed with beans.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 85
Fact 1: Mary said, "Ann and I both have cats." Fact 2: Ann said, "I don't have a cat." Fact 3: Mary always tells the truth, but Ann sometimes lies. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Ann has a cat. II: Mary has a cat. III: Ann is lying.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. All the statements are facts.
Question 86
Fact 1: Pictures can tell a story. Fact 2: All storybooks have pictures. Fact 3: Some storybooks have words. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Pictures can tell a story better than words can. II: The stories in storybooks are very simple. III: Some storybooks have both words and pictures.
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 87
Fact 1: Some pens don't write. Fact 2: All blue pens write. Fact 3: Some writing utensils are pens. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Some writing utensils don't write. II: Some writing utensils are blue. III: Some blue writing utensils don't write.
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 88
Fact 1: Islands are surrounded by water. Fact 2: Maui is an island. Fact 3: Maui was formed by a volcano. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Maui is surrounded by water. II: All islands are formed by volcanoes. III: All volcanoes are on islands.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 89
Fact 1: Robert has four vehicles. Fact 2: Two of the vehicles are red. Fact 3: One of the vehicles is a minivan. If the first three statements are facts, which of the following statements must also be a fact? I: Robert has a red minivan. II: Robert has three cars. III: Robert's favorite color is red.
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. None of the statements is a known fact.
Question 90
Four people witnessed a mugging. Each gave a different description of the mugger. Which description is probably right?
A. He was average height, thin, and middle-aged.
B. He was tall, thin, and middle-aged.
C. He was tall, thin, and young.
D. He was tall, of average weight, and middle-aged.