Question 1
_______ and ________ are monomers of Alginate.
A. Sucrose and glucose
B. Maltose and galactose
C. Mannuronic acid and guluronic acid
D. Galactose and glucose
View Answer
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Alginates are a type of polysaccharide block copolymers containing monomers of sequential β-d-mannuronic acid and α-l-guluronic acid, which are distributed in the polymer chain.
Question 2
___________ Elastin is one of the components in natural ECM.
A. Chitosan
B. Cellulose
C. Elastin
D. Fibrin
View Answer
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Elastin is one of the components in natural ECM, providing elasticity to the different tissues in the body, such as the lungs, skin and blood vessels.
Question 3
____________ consists of a network of fibrous proteins.
A. Fibrin
B. Collagen
C. Alginate
D. Gelatin
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Fibrin comprises a network of fibrous proteins. The structural unit of fibrin polymer is fibrinogen, which can be derived from blood coagulated as a result of an injury.
Question 4
____________ is a natural polymer derived from collagen.
A. Gelatin
B. Keratin
C. PVC
D. Polythene
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Gelatin is a thermoresponsive, natural biomaterial extracted from collagen via breaking its triple-helix structure into single-strand molecules. It is more cost-effective and less antigenic than collagen.
Question 5
____________ is one of the most common methods of modifying hyaluronic acid.
A. Esterification
B. Enzymatic modification
C. Hydrolysis
D. Trans-esterification
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The esterification of hyaluronic acid is the most commonly used approach to modify hyaluronic acid. Hayff-11 is a benzyl ester of hyaluronic acid that has been commercialized and clinically approved.
Question 6
_____________ was synthesized by the reaction of silk with lactose using cyanuric chloride as the coupling spacer.
A. Galactosylated silk fibroin
B. Sulfonated silk fibroin
C. Elastin
D. Fibrin
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Galactosylated silk fibroin was synthesized by the reaction of silk with lactose using cyanuric chloride as the coupling spacer. Hepatocytes were able to attach to the galactosylated-silk-coated substrates by approximately eightfold higher than those attached to the untreated substrates.
Question 7
_________________ helps in maintaining the structural integrity of most of the connective tissues in animals.
A. Collagen
B. Keratin
C. Elastin
D. Mucosal layer
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Collagen is found in most of mammalian tissues. Collagen helps in maintaining the structural integrity of most of the connective tissues in animals. The human body is a rich source of collagen type I-IV among more than 20 different collagen types found in the body.
Question 8
Addition of _________ to alginate improves the cellular binding and interactions.
A. lectin
B. adenosine
C. collagen
D. elastin
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Modified alginate gels with some proteins, such as lectin, have high cellular binding and interactions. Such modified alginate gels have been used to culture muscle cells and make muscle tissues.
Question 9
Alginate is suitable for __________________
A. drug delivery
B. wound Healing
C. storage
D. consumption
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Alginate has wide applications in TE and drug delivery due to its low toxicity, relatively low cost, and ease of chemical modification and gelation.
Question 10
Alginic acid is obtained from ___________
A. brown algae
B. amoeba
C. goldfish
D. phytoplankton
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Alginic acid or alginate is the main structural component of seaweed and is obtained from brown algae’s extracellular matrix. It is a high molecular weight linear polymer and few studies have reported that alginic acid inhibits the HIV reverse transcriptase activity.
Question 11
___________ can be obtained by the deacetylation of chitin.
A. Chitosan
B. Cellulose
C. Actin
D. Fibrin
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Chitin on deacetylation gives Chitosan. Chitosan can be used as a biomaterial that is biomimetic in nature, this is due to its structural similarity to the GAGs in native tissues.
Question 12
Chitosan can be dissolved only in dilute acids because of its high porosity.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Due to the high crystallinity and a chemical structure with amino acids, only dilute acids have the ability to dissolve Chitosan.
Question 13
Chitosan has a similar structure to Glycos-Amino-Glycans (GAGs) in cartilage.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Chitosan is a favorite scaffold material in articular TE applications because of its similar structure to GAGs in cartilage-stimulating chondrogenesis.
Question 14
Collagen can be found naturally in cartilage tissue.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Collagen can naturally be found in cartilage tissue and regulates chondrocyte adhesion and stem cell differentiation to chondrocytes through molecular interactions between the protein ligands and the cells.
Question 15
Covalent cross-linking of alginate gels with different molecules is a useful approach to control the __________ and mechanical properties of gels.
A. swelling
B. strength
C. toughness
D. porosity
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Alginate has the drawback of degradation through an uncontrollable and unpredictable process to release divalent ions into its surrounding medium. Covalent cross-linking of alginate gels with different molecules is a useful approach to control the swelling and mechanical properties of gels.
Question 16
Hyaluronic acid can be degraded by chitinase.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Hyaluronic acid can be degraded by hyaluronidase derived from serum and cells. However, hyaluronic acid needs a precise purification procedure to remove impurities and endotoxins that may cause an immune response or disease.
Question 17
Hyaluronic acid plays an important role in ____________
A. wound Healing
B. adhesion
C. migration
D. differentiation
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan is a natural material that is widely found in connective tissues. It is one of the simplest GAG components in the ECM and plays an important role in wound healing in the body.
Question 18
Fibrin is formed by the enzymatic polymerization of fibrinogen using ____________
A. thrombin
B. keratin
C. calcium
D. hydrochloric acid
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Fibrin gels are formed at room temperature through the enzymatic polymerization of fibrinogen using thrombin and its degradation rate can be controlled by aprotinin or tranexamic acid.
Question 19
Mechanical properties of alginate reduce in the presence of K+ ions.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In a clinical trial, patients suffering from a lesion in the femoral condyle were successfully treated with the autologous chondrocytes cultured in the alginate–agarose scaffolds. However, alginate gels are relatively unstable in physiological media because of a decrease in mechanical properties of the gels due to the replacement of Ca2+ ions with Na+ or K+ ions in the polymer chains.
Question 20
Peptides are composed of amino acids.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Proteins are the main constituents of all living cells. They are composed of amino acid chains. A peptide molecule is made up of more than one amino acid linked together with a peptide bond.
Question 21
PVC is usually added to hyaluronic acid in order to control its mechanical properties.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Adding some functional groups to hyaluronic acid can provide a more hydrophobic material capable of chemical cross-linking with other polymers such as PEG to control its mechanical properties.
Question 22
Silk is a natural biomaterial produced by ____________
A. spiders
B. cockroaches
C. ants
D. earthworms
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Silk is a natural biomaterial produced by spiders. It has been studied intensively for a long time as a biomaterial because of its low inflammatory response, biodegradability, tunable structural and chemical properties and high mechanical properties.
Question 23
The half-life of elastin is 24 hours.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The half-life of elastin in the body is almost 70 years, and elastic fibers are insoluble and highly stable in native tissues, preventing their ease of processing as a biomaterial.
Question 24
The major drawback of using fibrin is its shrinkage.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A major drawback of using fibrin is its shrinkage in vivo. In addition, fibrin gel has limited mechanical strength particularly after implantation in vivo.
Question 25
Type I collagen is the dominant component in the native __________ scaffold.
A. bone
B. heart
C. liver
D. cartilage
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Type I collagen is the dominant component in the native bone scaffold and plays an important role in bone formation from stem/progenitor cells through a developmental cascade.
Question 26
Which of the following have a structure with three peptide chains bound with each other to form a rope-like structure?
A. Collagen
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. Peptidoglycan
View Answer
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Collagen has a rope-like structure in which three peptide chains are intertwined. Collagen gels are thermally reversible with limited mechanical properties.